Evaluation of Serologic and Antigenic Relationships Between Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Other Coronaviruses to Develop Vaccine Platforms for the Rapid Response to Emerging Coronaviruses
Identifieur interne : 001F95 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001F94; suivant : 001F96Evaluation of Serologic and Antigenic Relationships Between Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Other Coronaviruses to Develop Vaccine Platforms for the Rapid Response to Emerging Coronaviruses
Auteurs : Sudhakar Agnihothram ; Robin Gopal [Royaume-Uni] ; Boyd L. Yount ; Eric F. Donaldson ; Vineet D. Menachery ; Rachel L. Graham ; Trevor D. Scobey ; Lisa E. Gralinski ; Mark R. Denison [États-Unis] ; Maria Zambon [Royaume-Uni] ; Ralph S. BaricSource :
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases [ 0022-1899 ] ; 2013.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte d'âge moyen, Animaux, Anticorps antiviraux (sang), Antigènes viraux (immunologie), Chiroptera, Coronaviridae (immunologie), Coronaviridae (isolement et purification), Glycoprotéine de spicule des coronavirus (immunologie), Humains, Protéines nucléocapside (immunologie), Réactions croisées, Souris, Souris de lignée BALB C, Technique de Western, Test ELISA, Tests de neutralisation.
- MESH :
- immunologie : Antigènes viraux, Coronaviridae, Glycoprotéine de spicule des coronavirus, Protéines nucléocapside.
- isolement et purification : Coronaviridae.
- sang : Anticorps antiviraux.
- Adulte d'âge moyen, Animaux, Chiroptera, Humains, Réactions croisées, Souris, Souris de lignée BALB C, Technique de Western, Test ELISA, Tests de neutralisation.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Antibodies, Viral (blood), Antigens, Viral (immunology), Blotting, Western, Chiroptera, Coronaviridae (immunology), Coronaviridae (isolation & purification), Cross Reactions, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Middle Aged, Neutralization Tests, Nucleocapsid Proteins (immunology), Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus (immunology).
- MESH :
- chemical , blood : Antibodies, Viral.
- chemical , immunology : Antigens, Viral, Nucleocapsid Proteins, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus.
- immunology : Coronaviridae.
- isolation & purification : Coronaviridae.
- Animals, Blotting, Western, Chiroptera, Cross Reactions, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Middle Aged, Neutralization Tests.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit609
PubMed: 24253287
PubMed Central: 3952667
Affiliations:
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Denison</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology</addr-line>,<institution>Vanderbilt University</institution>,<addr-line>Nashville, Tennessee</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Nashville</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zambon, Maria" sort="Zambon, Maria" uniqKey="Zambon M" first="Maria" last="Zambon">Maria Zambon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Viral Zoonosis Unit</addr-line>,<institution>Public Health of England</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baric, Ralph S" sort="Baric, Ralph S" uniqKey="Baric R" first="Ralph S." last="Baric">Ralph S. Baric</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology</addr-line>,<institution>University of North Carolina</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24253287</idno><idno type="pmc">3952667</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3952667</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3952667</idno><idno type="doi">10.1093/infdis/jit609</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000E20</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000E20</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000E20</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000E20</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001228</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001228</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="RBID">pubmed:24253287</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001B35</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001B35</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">001B35</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">001B35</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">001914</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">001914</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000C08</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">000C08</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">000C08</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0022-1899:2013:Agnihothram S:evaluation:of:serologic</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">002016</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001F95</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001F95</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evaluation of Serologic and Antigenic Relationships Between Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Other Coronaviruses to Develop Vaccine Platforms for the Rapid Response to Emerging Coronaviruses</title><author><name sortKey="Agnihothram, Sudhakar" sort="Agnihothram, Sudhakar" uniqKey="Agnihothram S" first="Sudhakar" last="Agnihothram">Sudhakar Agnihothram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology</addr-line>,<institution>University of North Carolina</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gopal, Robin" sort="Gopal, Robin" uniqKey="Gopal R" first="Robin" last="Gopal">Robin Gopal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Viral Zoonosis Unit</addr-line>,<institution>Public Health of England</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yount, Boyd L" sort="Yount, Boyd L" uniqKey="Yount B" first="Boyd L." last="Yount">Boyd L. Yount</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology</addr-line>,<institution>University of North Carolina</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Donaldson, Eric F" sort="Donaldson, Eric F" uniqKey="Donaldson E" first="Eric F." last="Donaldson">Eric F. Donaldson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology</addr-line>,<institution>University of North Carolina</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menachery, Vineet D" sort="Menachery, Vineet D" uniqKey="Menachery V" first="Vineet D." last="Menachery">Vineet D. Menachery</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology</addr-line>,<institution>University of North Carolina</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Graham, Rachel L" sort="Graham, Rachel L" uniqKey="Graham R" first="Rachel L." last="Graham">Rachel L. Graham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology</addr-line>,<institution>University of North Carolina</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scobey, Trevor D" sort="Scobey, Trevor D" uniqKey="Scobey T" first="Trevor D." last="Scobey">Trevor D. Scobey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology</addr-line>,<institution>University of North Carolina</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gralinski, Lisa E" sort="Gralinski, Lisa E" uniqKey="Gralinski L" first="Lisa E." last="Gralinski">Lisa E. Gralinski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology</addr-line>,<institution>University of North Carolina</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Denison, Mark R" sort="Denison, Mark R" uniqKey="Denison M" first="Mark R." last="Denison">Mark R. Denison</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology</addr-line>,<institution>Vanderbilt University</institution>,<addr-line>Nashville, Tennessee</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Nashville</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zambon, Maria" sort="Zambon, Maria" uniqKey="Zambon M" first="Maria" last="Zambon">Maria Zambon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Viral Zoonosis Unit</addr-line>,<institution>Public Health of England</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baric, Ralph S" sort="Baric, Ralph S" uniqKey="Baric R" first="Ralph S." last="Baric">Ralph S. Baric</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology</addr-line>,<institution>University of North Carolina</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Journal of Infectious Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-1899</idno><idno type="eISSN">1537-6613</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Antibodies, Viral (blood)</term><term>Antigens, Viral (immunology)</term><term>Blotting, Western</term><term>Chiroptera</term><term>Coronaviridae (immunology)</term><term>Coronaviridae (isolation & purification)</term><term>Cross Reactions</term><term>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</term><term>Humans</term><term>Mice</term><term>Mice, Inbred BALB C</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Neutralization Tests</term><term>Nucleocapsid Proteins (immunology)</term><term>Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus (immunology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Anticorps antiviraux (sang)</term><term>Antigènes viraux (immunologie)</term><term>Chiroptera</term><term>Coronaviridae (immunologie)</term><term>Coronaviridae (isolement et purification)</term><term>Glycoprotéine de spicule des coronavirus (immunologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Protéines nucléocapside (immunologie)</term><term>Réactions croisées</term><term>Souris</term><term>Souris de lignée BALB C</term><term>Technique de Western</term><term>Test ELISA</term><term>Tests de neutralisation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>Antibodies, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antigens, Viral</term><term>Nucleocapsid Proteins</term><term>Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antigènes viraux</term><term>Coronaviridae</term><term>Glycoprotéine de spicule des coronavirus</term><term>Protéines nucléocapside</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronaviridae</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronaviridae</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Coronaviridae</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="sang" xml:lang="fr"><term>Anticorps antiviraux</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Blotting, Western</term><term>Chiroptera</term><term>Cross Reactions</term><term>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</term><term>Humans</term><term>Mice</term><term>Mice, Inbred BALB C</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Neutralization Tests</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Chiroptera</term><term>Humains</term><term>Réactions croisées</term><term>Souris</term><term>Souris de lignée BALB C</term><term>Technique de Western</term><term>Test ELISA</term><term>Tests de neutralisation</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Abstract</title><p><bold><italic>Background.</italic></bold> Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012, causing severe acute respiratory disease and pneumonia, with 44% mortality among 136 cases to date. Design of vaccines to limit the virus spread or diagnostic tests to track newly emerging strains requires knowledge of antigenic and serologic relationships between MERS-CoV and other CoVs.</p><p><bold><italic>Methods.</italic></bold> Using synthetic genomics and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons (VRPs) expressing spike and nucleocapsid proteins from MERS-CoV and other human and bat CoVs, we characterize the antigenic responses (using Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and serologic responses (using neutralization assays) against 2 MERS-CoV isolates in comparison with those of other human and bat CoVs.</p><p><bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> Serologic and neutralization responses against the spike glycoprotein were primarily strain specific, with a very low level of cross-reactivity within or across subgroups. CoV N proteins within but not across subgroups share cross-reactive epitopes with MERS-CoV isolates. Our findings were validated using a convalescent-phase serum specimen from a patient infected with MERS-CoV (NA 01) and human antiserum against SARS-CoV, human CoV NL63, and human CoV OC43.</p><p><bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> Vaccine design for emerging CoVs should involve chimeric spike protein containing neutralizing epitopes from multiple virus strains across subgroups to reduce immune pathology, and a diagnostic platform should include a panel of nucleocapsid and spike proteins from phylogenetically distinct CoVs.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Graham, Rl" uniqKey="Graham R">RL Graham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baric, Rs" uniqKey="Baric R">RS Baric</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Masters, Ps" uniqKey="Masters P">PS Masters</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pyrc, K" uniqKey="Pyrc K">K Pyrc</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sims, Ac" uniqKey="Sims A">AC Sims</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dijkman, R" uniqKey="Dijkman R">R Dijkman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Der Hoek, L" uniqKey="Van Der Hoek L">L van der Hoek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pyrc, K" uniqKey="Pyrc K">K Pyrc</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jebbink, Mf" uniqKey="Jebbink M">MF Jebbink</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rota, Pa" uniqKey="Rota P">PA Rota</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oberste, Ms" uniqKey="Oberste M">MS Oberste</name></author><author><name sortKey="Monroe, Ss" uniqKey="Monroe S">SS Monroe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lau, Sk" uniqKey="Lau S">SK Lau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ks" uniqKey="Li K">KS Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsang, Ak" uniqKey="Tsang A">AK Tsang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bermingham, A" uniqKey="Bermingham A">A Bermingham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chand, Ma" uniqKey="Chand M">MA Chand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Cs" uniqKey="Brown C">CS Brown</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huynh, J" uniqKey="Huynh J">J Huynh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, S" uniqKey="Li S">S Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yount, B" uniqKey="Yount B">B Yount</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Boheemen, S" uniqKey="Van Boheemen S">S van Boheemen</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Graaf, M" uniqKey="De Graaf M">M de Graaf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lauber, C" uniqKey="Lauber C">C Lauber</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Muller, Ma" uniqKey="Muller M">MA Müller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raj, Vs" uniqKey="Raj V">VS Raj</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muth, D" uniqKey="Muth D">D Muth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bolles, M" uniqKey="Bolles M">M Bolles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donaldson, E" uniqKey="Donaldson E">E Donaldson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baric, R" uniqKey="Baric R">R Baric</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Perlman, S" uniqKey="Perlman S">S Perlman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, J" uniqKey="Zhao J">J Zhao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Deming, D" uniqKey="Deming D">D Deming</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sheahan, T" uniqKey="Sheahan T">T Sheahan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heise, M" uniqKey="Heise M">M Heise</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rockx, B" uniqKey="Rockx B">B Rockx</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corti, D" uniqKey="Corti D">D Corti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donaldson, E" uniqKey="Donaldson E">E Donaldson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chan, Rw" uniqKey="Chan R">RW Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Mc" uniqKey="Chan M">MC Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agnihothram, S" uniqKey="Agnihothram S">S Agnihothram</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Josset, L" uniqKey="Josset L">L Josset</name></author><author><name sortKey="Menachery, Vd" uniqKey="Menachery V">VD Menachery</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gralinski, Le" uniqKey="Gralinski L">LE Gralinski</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sheahan, T" uniqKey="Sheahan T">T Sheahan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whitemore, A" uniqKey="Whitemore A">A 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Assiri</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Tennessee</li></region></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Agnihothram, Sudhakar" sort="Agnihothram, Sudhakar" uniqKey="Agnihothram S" first="Sudhakar" last="Agnihothram">Sudhakar Agnihothram</name><name sortKey="Baric, Ralph S" sort="Baric, Ralph S" uniqKey="Baric R" first="Ralph S." last="Baric">Ralph S. Baric</name><name sortKey="Donaldson, Eric F" sort="Donaldson, Eric F" uniqKey="Donaldson E" first="Eric F." last="Donaldson">Eric F. Donaldson</name><name sortKey="Graham, Rachel L" sort="Graham, Rachel L" uniqKey="Graham R" first="Rachel L." last="Graham">Rachel L. Graham</name><name sortKey="Gralinski, Lisa E" sort="Gralinski, Lisa E" uniqKey="Gralinski L" first="Lisa E." last="Gralinski">Lisa E. Gralinski</name><name sortKey="Menachery, Vineet D" sort="Menachery, Vineet D" uniqKey="Menachery V" first="Vineet D." last="Menachery">Vineet D. Menachery</name><name sortKey="Scobey, Trevor D" sort="Scobey, Trevor D" uniqKey="Scobey T" first="Trevor D." last="Scobey">Trevor D. Scobey</name><name sortKey="Yount, Boyd L" sort="Yount, Boyd L" uniqKey="Yount B" first="Boyd L." last="Yount">Boyd L. Yount</name></noCountry><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gopal, Robin" sort="Gopal, Robin" uniqKey="Gopal R" first="Robin" last="Gopal">Robin Gopal</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Zambon, Maria" sort="Zambon, Maria" uniqKey="Zambon M" first="Maria" last="Zambon">Maria Zambon</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Tennessee"><name sortKey="Denison, Mark R" sort="Denison, Mark R" uniqKey="Denison M" first="Mark R." last="Denison">Mark R. Denison</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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